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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Indigenous Genomic Databases: Pragmatic Considerations and Cultural Contexts.

Nadine Rena Caron1,2, Meck Chongo1,3, Maui Hudson4

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Frontiers in Public Health
|May 12, 2020
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Indigenous peoples face a genomic divide, with limited benefits from genetic advances due to health disparities. Building Indigenous background variant databases (BVDs) is crucial for equitable genomic healthcare and research participation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Genomic Medicine
  • Bioinformatics
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • Global advancements in genomic medicine and background variant databases (BVDs) for genetic diagnosis are increasing.
  • Indigenous populations globally experience significant health disparities and are at risk of being excluded from the benefits of genomic advancements.
  • A lack of Indigenous representation in genomics research and healthcare limits access to culturally safe and relevant genomic services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the genomic divide and advocate for equitable genomic healthcare for Indigenous peoples.
  • To establish the necessity of Indigenous background variant databases (BVDs) for accurate representation and benefit acquisition in genomic research.
  • To highlight initiatives like "Silent Genomes" and "Aotearoa Variome" as models for creating Indigenous BVDs.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing the current landscape of genomic medicine and BVD development.
  • Analyzing the challenges and inequities faced by Indigenous populations in accessing and benefiting from genomic technologies.
  • Examining case studies of Indigenous-led initiatives to build culturally relevant BVDs.

Main Results:

  • Indigenous peoples are disproportionately affected by the genomic divide, facing greater health disparities and benefiting less from genomic discoveries.
  • The development of Indigenous BVDs is essential for ensuring their representation, participation, and benefit from genomic health research.
  • Initiatives in Canada and New Zealand demonstrate the feasibility and importance of collaborative approaches to building Indigenous BVDs.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent changes are needed to ensure Indigenous communities are represented in BVDs and that genomic research maximizes benefits while minimizing risks for Indigenous populations.
  • Building Indigenous BVDs is a critical step towards achieving health equity in genomic medicine.
  • Collaborative efforts and culturally safe practices are paramount for successful implementation of genomic services with Indigenous communities.