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Particle Size Effect on Platinum Dissolution: Practical Considerations for Fuel Cells.

Daniel J S Sandbeck1,2, Masanori Inaba3, Jonathan Quinson3

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Reducing platinum nanoparticle size in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) improves performance but decreases durability. Smaller Pt particles dissolve more readily, limiting cost reduction and performance gains from increased utilization.

Keywords:
ORRPt dissolutiondegradationelectrocatalysisfuel cellsparticle sizestabilitytoolbox

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • High costs of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) hinder market competitiveness.
  • Decreasing platinum (Pt) nanoparticle size can reduce costs and improve performance by increasing dispersion and utilization.
  • Understanding Pt particle size effects on durability is crucial but challenging due to synthesis difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of Pt nanoparticle size on dissolution and durability in PEMFCs.
  • To synthesize Pt nanoparticles with controlled sizes (2.0, 2.8, 3.7 nm) while maintaining constant loading (30 wt%) on Vulcan support.
  • To elucidate the relationship between Pt particle size, electrochemical active surface area, and dissolution mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-step surfactant-free synthesis method to control Pt nanoparticle size.
  • Employed in situ electrochemical dissolution studies using online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (online ICP-MS).
  • Analyzed mass-specific dissolution trends and shifts in anodic dissolution onset potentials.

Main Results:

  • Mass-specific Pt dissolution trends were linked to particle-size-dependent changes in electrochemically active surface area.
  • Anodic dissolution onset shifted to more negative potentials with decreasing Pt particle size.
  • Observed dissolution mechanisms at the nanoparticle scale are similar to place-exchange mechanisms on polycrystalline Pt.

Conclusions:

  • Decreasing Pt nanoparticle size enhances utilization but increases susceptibility to dissolution, posing a durability challenge.
  • The observed negative shift in dissolution onset with smaller particle sizes presents a practical limitation for PEMFCs.
  • Further material improvements are needed to inhibit Pt dissolution before cost and performance benefits from smaller nanoparticles can be fully realized.