Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

1.2K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.2K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

8.4K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
8.4K
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

3.2K
The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
3.2K
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.1K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.1K
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

6.9K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
6.9K
Glassware Calibration01:11

Glassware Calibration

1.2K
Accurate calibration of glassware, such as volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes, is essential to ensure accurate measurements in the analytical laboratory. Calibration helps maintain consistency across measurements and prevents errors arising from inaccurate volumes.
Volumetric flasks: Volumetric flasks are designed to prepare aqueous solutions of precise volumes accurately with a calibration line on the neck. To calibrate a volumetric flask, it is important to fill it with distilled...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Color vision.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same author

Asymmetries in hue percepts and early cortical color coding: Evidence from chromatic visual evoked potentials.

Journal of vision·2026
Same author

Face adaptation improves performance on a face search task.

Vision research·2026
Same author

Asymmetries in hue measured behaviorally and with visual evoked potentials.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Color contrast adaptation and compensation in color deficiencies.

Journal of vision·2025
Same author

Visual search for warm and cool colors.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2025
Same journal

Multi-module collaborative optimization-driven fast speckle correlation imaging in variable environments.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
Same journal

Secrecy performance analysis of NOMA-UWOC systems over a vertically stratified WGG oceanic turbulence channel.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
Same journal

Backscattering of plane waves in a composite system containing a rough surface and anisotropic scatterers.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
Same journal

Aspherical surface construction methods based on extended Jacobi polynomials.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
Same journal

OCT sidelobe suppression method based on dual-path phase sinusoidal modulation and minimum value fusion.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
Same journal

Optical design concepts using wavelength-selective diffractive optics to enable miniaturized multimodal endoscopic imaging across separated spectral ranges.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

9.5K

Color variance and achromatic settings.

Siddhart S Rajendran, Michael A Webster

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |May 14, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Estimating average scene color is crucial for color constancy. This study found that chromatic contrast significantly increases variability in judging average colors, impacting how observers perceive white.

    More Related Videos

    Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
    09:46

    Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

    Published on: August 19, 2013

    15.9K
    Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers
    06:50

    Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

    Published on: February 29, 2012

    9.7K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

    Visualizing Visual Adaptation
    04:43

    Visualizing Visual Adaptation

    Published on: April 24, 2017

    9.5K
    Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
    09:46

    Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

    Published on: August 19, 2013

    15.9K
    Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers
    06:50

    Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

    Published on: February 29, 2012

    9.7K

    Area of Science:

    • Vision science
    • Color perception
    • Psychophysics

    Background:

    • Average scene color is a key cue for color constancy.
    • Observer ability to estimate mean chromaticity is not well understood.
    • Color constancy allows perception of stable object colors under varying illumination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how observers estimate the mean chromaticity of a color collection.
    • To determine the impact of chromatic and luminance contrast on the accuracy of average color settings.
    • To explore the independence of color signals in estimating the average scene color.

    Main Methods:

    • Measuring observer variability in setting a palette's mean chromaticity to gray.
    • Using stimuli with varying color distributions and contrast ranges along luminance, SvsLM, and LvsM axes.
    • Analyzing how chromatic and luminance contrast influence achromatic settings.

    Main Results:

    • Variability in achromatic settings increased with higher chromatic contrast and, to a lesser extent, luminance contrast.
    • Color signals along cardinal axes, typically independent, showed significant interference in white estimations.
    • Chromatic variance generally impacted the accuracy of average color perception.

    Conclusions:

    • Observer accuracy in estimating average scene chromaticity is sensitive to chromatic contrast.
    • Interference between color signals ('cross-masking') suggests indirect inference of the mean, possibly via saturation.
    • Understanding these limitations is vital for models of color constancy and visual perception.