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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
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Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

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The sacral chordoma margin.

S Radaelli1, P Fossati2, S Stacchiotti3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.

European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology
|May 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Improving surgical and radiation therapy margins is crucial for sacral chordoma patients. Achieving negative margins through en-bloc resection or particle radiation therapy improves local control for this rare bone tumor.

Keywords:
Radiation therapySacral chordomaSurgerySurgical margins

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Chordoma is a rare bone neoplasm, frequently originating in the sacrum.
  • Over 50% of sacral chordoma cases experience local recurrence after surgical treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss strategies for optimizing surgical and radiation therapy margins in sacral chordoma.
  • To report outcomes from the Chordoma Global Consensus Group meeting.
  • To summarize recent evidence and future directions in sacral chordoma management.

Main Methods:

  • Multidisciplinary consensus meeting focused on surgical, particle radiation therapy (RT), and medical therapies for chordoma.
  • Review of current evidence and ongoing international clinical studies.
  • Discussion of challenges in defining and achieving optimal margins.

Main Results:

  • En-bloc tumor-sacrum resection is the primary surgical approach for sacral chordoma, aiming for negative margins.
  • Radical particle RT shows comparable outcomes to surgery, but comparative trial data is limited.
  • No current medical therapies are recommended for routine adjuvant or cytoreductive use.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving negative margins is critical for local control in sacral chordoma.
  • Standardized approaches to surgical resection and particle RT are vital for improving patient outcomes.
  • Ongoing research, including comparative trials, is essential for refining treatment strategies.