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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...

Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Plane Surface

Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Plane Surface

When a plane surface is submerged in a fluid, hydrostatic forces develop on the surface due to the fluid's pressure. For horizontal surfaces, the pressure exerted by the fluid is uniform because the depth remains constant. The resultant force is determined by the pressure at the given depth multiplied by the area of the surface, and it acts through the centroid of the surface. For vertical surfaces, the pressure varies with depth, increasing as the distance from the fluid's free surface...

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width

When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
The resultant force...

Contact Angle

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Published on: September 9, 2022

Surface Potential of the Air/Water Interface.

Cuong V Nguyen¹, Hiromichi Nakahara², Chi M Phan³

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University.

Journal of Oleo Science

|May 15, 2020

Summary

Understanding air/water interface surface charge is crucial. New research highlights how ion hydration shells and surface water hydrogen bonds critically influence ion adsorption, improving theoretical models.

Keywords:

air/water surface surface charge surface potential

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Surface Science
Interfacial Phenomena

Background:

The air/water interface's surface charge and potential are vital in natural and industrial processes.
Existing theoretical models for surface charge lack completeness and consistency.
Molecular-level simulations offer new insights complementing theoretical and experimental data.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding air/water interface surface charge.
To integrate theoretical, experimental, and simulation findings.
To identify key factors governing ionic adsorption at the interface.

Main Methods:

Review of theoretical frameworks for surface charge.
Analysis of experimental data on interfacial properties.
Molecular dynamics simulations of ion adsorption at the air/water interface.

Main Results:

Ionic adsorption is significantly influenced by interactions between ion hydration shells and surface water's hydrogen bond network.
This interaction is a critical factor not fully captured by conventional theories.
Simulations provide molecular-level evidence for these interactions.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive understanding of the interfacial layer requires incorporating the role of hydration shells and hydrogen bonding.
Updated theoretical models incorporating these factors are needed for accurate prediction of ion distribution.
This research bridges theoretical, experimental, and simulation approaches for interfacial science.