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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Adaptations for centromere function in meiosis.

Reinier F Prosée1, Joanna M Wenda1, Florian A Steiner1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

Essays in Biochemistry
|May 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation in meiosis. This review explores how centromere function, particularly CENP-A, evolves rapidly to ensure accurate inheritance during sexual reproduction.

Keywords:
CENP-Acentromerechromosomesmeiosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mitosis and meiosis segregate chromosomes, with centromeres crucial for attachment to microtubules.
  • Meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction, involving unique processes like homolog pairing and recombination.
  • Centromere function is vital for accurate chromosome segregation in both cell division types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review centromere adaptations and regulatory mechanisms specific to meiosis.
  • To explore the role of centromeres in meiosis-specific events like homolog pairing and recombination.
  • To discuss the rapid evolution of centromeric proteins, particularly CENP-A, in the context of asymmetric female meiosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on centromere function in meiosis.
  • Analysis of regulatory adaptations and layers for meiotic centromeres.
  • Examination of CENP-A's role in centromere identity inheritance during meiosis.

Main Results:

  • Centromeres are essential for meiosis-specific processes including homolog pairing and recombination.
  • Asymmetric female meiosis drives rapid evolution of centromeric proteins for transmission advantage.
  • Changes in CENP-A's N-terminal tail contribute to its meiotic functions and inheritance of centromere identity.

Conclusions:

  • Centromere function is highly regulated and adapted for the unique demands of meiosis.
  • The histone variant CENP-A plays a critical role in maintaining centromere identity throughout meiosis.
  • Rapid evolution of centromeric proteins, exemplified by CENP-A, is linked to meiotic drive and inheritance patterns.