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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Antivirals for COVID-19.

Pavithra Srinivas1, Gretchen L Sacha2, Christine Koval3

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|May 16, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective COVID-19 antivirals remain limited. Remdesivir shows promise for hospitalized patients, while other drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir lack benefit, and influenza antivirals require further study for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Developing effective antiviral therapies for RNA respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, presents significant challenges.
  • Current treatment options for COVID-19 are limited, with ongoing investigations into various antiviral agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of antiviral drugs investigated for COVID-19 treatment.
  • To assess the efficacy and limitations of existing and emerging antiviral therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data and compassionate use series for antivirals targeting COVID-19.
  • Analysis of drug-drug interactions, side effects, and viral targets of selected antiviral agents.

Main Results:

  • Remdesivir demonstrates potential benefits, including shortened recovery time and reduced mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • Lopinavir/ritonavir showed no clinical or virologic benefit and presented challenges with side effects and drug interactions.
  • Influenza antivirals like favipiravir and umifenovir warrant further investigation for SARS-CoV-2 due to potentially distinct viral targets.

Conclusions:

  • Antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is an evolving field with few established therapies.
  • Further research is crucial for antivirals with demonstrated clinical activity, particularly for high-risk populations requiring treatment and prophylaxis.