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Pneumonia among Under-Five Children in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Predictors-A Community-Based
Zewudu Andualem1, Tsegaye Adane1, Abiye Tigabu2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Insights
Childhood pneumonia remains a significant health concern in Gondar City, affecting 12% of children under five. Key risk factors include environmental exposures like unpaved roads and traffic, as well as indoor conditions such as cooking habits and pest infestations.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Public Health
- Environmental Health
Background:
- Acute respiratory infections, particularly pneumonia, are a leading cause of child mortality globally.
- Pneumonia remains a critical health issue for children under five in Ethiopia, with limited local data.
- This study addresses the gap by investigating childhood pneumonia in Gondar City.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence (magnitude) of childhood pneumonia in Gondar City.
- To identify significant risk factors associated with childhood pneumonia in the study area.
Main Methods:
- A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar City.
- Data were collected from 792 child-mother/caregiver pairs using pretested questionnaires.
- Statistical analysis involved bivariable and multivariable logistic regression to identify significant risk factors (p < 0.05).
Main Results:
- The prevalence of pneumonia among children under five was 12% (95% CI: 10%–14.4%).
- Significant risk factors included proximity to unpaved roads (AOR=2.27), heavy traffic (AOR=1.94), not opening doors during cooking (AOR=1.62), cockroach infestation (AOR=1.98), and new carpets (AOR=1.75).
Conclusions:
- Childhood pneumonia prevalence remains high in Gondar City.
- Interventions should target environmental factors like unpaved roads and traffic, and indoor conditions such as cooking practices and infestations.
- Addressing these modifiable risk factors is crucial for reducing the burden of childhood pneumonia.
Background:
Acute respiratory infections in particular pneumonia constitutes the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age throughout the world. In Ethiopia, pneumonia continues to be the major childhood problem and killer, particularly in the study area. However, evidence dealing with the problem is still unavailable. The current study is aimed at determining the magnitude and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in Gondar City.
Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was employed in five randomly selected clusters/subcities of Gondar City. A total of 792 child-mother/caregiver pairs in the selected subcities/clusters were included. A pretested and validated questionnaire was used by trained supervisors through house-to-house visits to collect the data. Binary logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) was employed. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistically significant variables on the basis of p < 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression model.
Results:
The prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children in the current study was found to be 12% with 95% CI: 10% to 14.4%. The presence of unpaved road within 100 m of the house (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.41-3.66), living within 100 m of heavy traffic (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.19-3.16), the habit of not opening doors while cooking (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.01-2.62), the presence of cockroach infestation (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.25-3.14), and new carpet in the house (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.01-3.03) were statistically significant variables associated with childhood pneumonia.
Conclusions:
This study indicated that the prevalence of childhood pneumonia is still high. As such, enhancing strategies that would address unpaved roads within 100 m of the house, living within 100 m of heavy traffic, the habit of not opening doors while cooking, cockroach infestation, and new carpet in the house to reduce the burden of childhood pneumonia needs to be advocated.
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