Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

14.4K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
14.4K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

15.6K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
15.6K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

83.0K
Overview
83.0K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
2.0K
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

6.3K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
6.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An integrative model of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophage differentiation: the role of NF-<i>κ</i>B and CREB.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

The ProteomeXchange consortium in 2026: making proteomics data FAIR.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

Modeling uncertainty: the impact of noise in T cell differentiation.

Frontiers in systems biology·2025
Same author

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Amine-Type Cyclopentanepyridinone Derivatives as HIV‑1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Impacts of a high-glucose diet or starvation on microRNA-transcription factor networks in Caenorhabditis elegans through Boolean mathematical modeling.

Bio Systems·2025
Same author

Quetzal: Comprehensive Peptide Fragmentation Annotation and Visualization.

Journal of proteome research·2025
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
09:25

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Published on: December 24, 2015

9.3K

An Integrative Network Modeling Approach to T CD4 Cell Activation.

David Martínez-Méndez1, Carlos Villarreal2,3, Luis Mendoza1,3

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

Frontiers in Physiology
|May 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study models T cell activation, revealing how Ndrg1, CTLA-4, and AMPK regulate immune responses and cell differentiation, offering insights into T cell function.

Keywords:
AMPKBoolean modelCD28CTLA-4NDRG1T CD4 cellsTCRcomplex network

More Related Videos

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
07:48

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

6.5K
Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

14.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
09:25

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Published on: December 24, 2015

9.3K
Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
07:48

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

6.5K
Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

14.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity relies on T cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory molecule interactions.
  • Intracellular signaling networks amplify and diversify T cell activation signals.
  • Metabolic changes are crucial for T cell energy demands during activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hybrid Boolean model of early T cell activation signaling.
  • To analyze the roles of Ndrg1, CTLA-4, and AMPK in T cell activation and anergy.
  • To integrate mechanisms of T cell activation, regulation, and differentiation into a network model.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a 46-node hybrid Boolean model of TCR and CD28 downstream signaling.
  • Incorporated key regulatory molecules: Ndrg1 (anergy), CTLA-4 (activation modulation), and AMPK (nutrient sensing).
  • Simulated model to identify stable states representing activation, anergy, and differentiation pathways.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts anergy induction by Ndrg1 in the absence of co-stimulation.
  • It demonstrates CTLA-4's role in activation arrest through competition with CD28.
  • The model integrates AMPK's activity into pathways driving T helper cell subset differentiation (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg).

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a conceptual framework for analyzing T CD4 cell function.
  • It highlights the integration of activation, regulation, and effector cell phenotype induction.
  • The model offers insights into the complex interplay of signaling molecules in T cell responses.