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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Combustion Science

Background:

  • Hot spots in plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) are critical for ignition but are difficult to observe.
  • Understanding hot spot formation is key to predicting explosive initiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation, characteristics, and evolution of hot spots in cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX) under dynamic compression.
  • To compare hot spot behavior in single crystals (HMX-SC) versus polycrystalline grains (HMX-PC) and in a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a microscope with laser-launched miniflyer plates to shock HMX grains to 20 GPa.
  • Employed nanosecond video microscopy (4 μm resolution) for observing hot spot dynamics.
  • Used nanosecond optical pyrometry to measure hot spot temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Hot spots formed on corners/edges of HMX-SC at ~4000 K, leading to rapid combustion along edges.
  • Hot spots formed near defects in HMX-PC at ~6000 K, but cooling limited sustained combustion.
  • Hot spots in HMX-based PBX were intermediate in temperature but persisted longer than in individual grains.

Conclusions:

  • Hot spot characteristics (temperature, duration) vary significantly with HMX microstructure (single crystal vs. polycrystalline) and binder presence.
  • The longer persistence of hot spots in PBX suggests a modified energy dissipation mechanism compared to individual HMX grains.
  • These findings provide crucial insights into the initiation mechanisms of energetic materials.