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Related Concept Videos

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology01:59

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

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Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.
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The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Streamlining Rice Breeding with CRISPR/Cas for Obtaining Optimal Phenotypic and Agronomic Traits
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Low Additive Genetic Variation in a Trait Under Selection in Domesticated Rice.

Nicholas G Karavolias1, Anthony J Greenberg2, Luz S Barrero1,3

  • 1Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.)
|May 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Additive genetic variation in quantitative traits is depleted under selection, particularly in rice root growth. This depletion is linked to low-frequency alleles, impacting trait adaptation and response to selection.

Keywords:
heritability GWAS abiotic stress stress tolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Quantitative trait genetics
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Quantitative traits are crucial for adaptation and are shaped by selection.
  • Additive genetic effects are key for heritability and response to selection.
  • Understanding genetic architecture changes during adaptation is fundamental.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fate of additive genetic effects in rice root growth under selection.
  • To assess marker effects on root growth in normal and aluminum (Al) stress conditions.
  • To test the hypothesis of additive genetic variation depletion in selected traits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map for rice (Oryza sativa).
  • Employed Bayesian models to estimate additive marker effects on root growth.
  • Analyzed root phenotypes in both normal and Al-stress environments.

Main Results:

  • Total genetic variation was high, but marker effects contributed minimally, especially in Al-tolerant rice.
  • No specific loci were identified for root growth in the tropical japonica population.
  • Low marker heritability and poor prediction of genetic values were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Additive genetic variation appears depleted in traits under recent selection, supporting existing conjectures.
  • The depletion is likely caused by an excess of low-frequency alleles influencing the trait.
  • This finding has implications for understanding crop adaptation and breeding strategies.