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Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Published on: March 29, 2022

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review.

Mariana I C Raposo¹, Maria Teresa S R Gomes¹, Maria João Botelho^2,3

¹CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

|May 28, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent neurotoxins. This review details PST-transforming enzymes in various organisms, crucial for understanding toxin accumulation and developing new analytical tools.

Keywords:

biotransformation carbamoylase enzyme paralytic shellfish toxins sulfotransferase

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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: January 3, 2012

Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Biochemistry
Toxicology

Background:

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) cause poisoning by blocking sodium channels.
PSTs are produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, leading to harmful algal blooms and seafood contamination.
Enzymes transforming PSTs are key to understanding toxin dynamics in shellfish.

Purpose of the Study:

To review identified PST-transforming enzymes across diverse organisms.
To discuss the biological roles and practical applications of these enzymes.
To highlight their importance in bivalves, cyanobacteria, and dinoflagellates.

Main Methods:

Literature review of identified PST-transforming enzymes.
Analysis of enzyme functions in toxin synthesis, transformation, and elimination.
Exploration of enzyme applications in drug development and analytical tools.

Main Results:

Several enzymes involved in PST metabolism have been identified in bacteria, algae, and animals, including humans.
These enzymes play roles in PST synthesis, transformation, and detoxification.
Enzymes facilitate the production of pure PST analogues for research and diagnostics.

Conclusions:

Understanding PST-transforming enzymes is vital for managing shellfish toxicity.
These enzymes offer potential for developing novel analytical methods and therapeutic agents.
Further research into PST-transforming enzymes can enhance food safety and drug discovery.