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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Understanding virtual urology clinics: a systematic review.

Marie Alexandra Edison1, Martin John Connor1,2, Saiful Miah3

  • 1Imperial Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.

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|May 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Urology virtual clinics (VCs) show promise for clinical, financial, and environmental benefits. More prospective research is needed to confirm safety and effectiveness compared to traditional face-to-face assessments.

Keywords:
#PCSM#ProstateCancer#Urologycarbon footprintprostate cancertelehealthtelemedicineureteric colicurology virtual clinic

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Health Services Research
  • Telemedicine

Background:

  • The increasing burden of urological referrals necessitates innovative healthcare delivery models.
  • Telehealth and virtual clinic (VC) strategies are emerging as potential solutions in urology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review clinical, fiscal, and environmental evidence for urological telehealth and virtual clinic (VC) strategies.
  • To identify research gaps in this evolving field.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Review Database was conducted for original research articles on adult urology telehealth or VC strategies.
  • Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using established tools (Cochrane 2.0 or Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist).

Main Results:

  • 18 articles involving 5813 participants across urology sub-specialties were included.
  • Prospective VC studies showed a median discharge rate of 16.6% and a median face-to-face referral rate of 32.4%.
  • Median annual cost savings were £56,232, with carbon footprint reductions ranging from 0.7 to 4.35 metric tonnes of CO2. Complication rates were low (0.20% and 0.13%).

Conclusions:

  • Urology VCs offer significant clinical, financial, and environmental advantages.
  • Further prospective evidence is required to validate equivalency and safety against traditional face-to-face assessments across all urological sub-specialties.