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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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NK Cell-Mediated Recall Responses: Memory-Like, Adaptive, or Antigen-Specific?

Victoria Stary1, Georg Stary2,3,4

  • 1Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|June 2, 2020
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Natural killer (NK) cells show adaptive immune features, forming distinct subsets with memory recall responses to pathogens. Harnessing these memory NK cells offers novel therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
adaptive immunitymemory NK cellsrecall responsetrained immunityvaccine strategy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular immunology
  • Innate immunity

Background:

  • Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of natural killer (NK) cells in adaptive immune responses against pathogens.
  • NK cells with adaptive characteristics are diverse, differing in phenotype and recall response mechanisms.
  • Three distinct types of adaptive NK cell responses have been identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of adaptive natural killer (NK) cell responses.
  • To explore the heterogeneity and functional subsets of memory NK cells.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of memory NK cell subsets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental evidence and literature on NK cell adaptive features.
  • Analysis of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of NK cell subsets.
  • Examination of recall responses in different contexts, including viral infections and cytokine stimulation.

Main Results:

  • NK cells exhibit long-lived memory to haptens and viral antigens, observed in murine liver tissue.
  • Human and mouse cytomegalovirus infections expand specific NK cell subsets (NKG2C+ and Ly49H+) that recognize viral peptides.
  • Cytokine-stimulated NK cells demonstrate enhanced IFN-γ production upon re-stimulation, indicating a memory-like response.

Conclusions:

  • The findings strongly support the existence of NK cells with adaptive immune capabilities.
  • These adaptive NK cell subsets represent a novel area for developing therapeutic strategies.
  • Harnessing memory NK cell subsets holds promise for future immunotherapies.