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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

328
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
328
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

414
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
414
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

593
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
593
Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

120
Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
120
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets
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Temperature: An overlooked factor in tablet disintegration.

Salem Basaleh1, Lorina Bisharat2, Marco Cespi3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
|June 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Tablet disintegration speeds up significantly with higher temperatures. While room temperature results offer a qualitative comparison, quantitative differences highlight the importance of considering temperature in drug formulation and testing.

Keywords:
BiorelevantDisintegrationImage analysisImmediate releaseSuperdisintegrantsSwellingTemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery and Formulation

Background:

  • Tablet disintegration is a critical initial step in drug bioavailability.
  • The impact of temperature on tablet disintegration is understudied despite its relevance to in vivo conditions and co-ingestion scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of temperature on the disintegration of directly compressed tablets.
  • To compare in vitro disintegration data obtained at room temperature with body temperature conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Directly compressed tablets formulated with disintegrants, diluents, and binders were tested.
  • Disintegration was assessed using both image analysis and a compendial disintegration apparatus.
  • Experiments were conducted across a temperature range of 23°C to 41°C.

Main Results:

  • Tablet disintegration time decreased as temperature increased within the tested range (23°C to 41°C).
  • Higher temperatures resulted in up to 2.9-fold faster disintegration.
  • The formulation composition significantly influenced the extent of the temperature effect on disintegration.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro disintegration results at room temperature are qualitatively comparable but not quantitatively equivalent to body temperature results.
  • The observed moderate influence of temperature on in vitro disintegration is unlikely to significantly impact oral bioavailability in vivo.