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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

6.1K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
484
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
361

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation
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Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

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Type 3 hypersensitivity in COVID-19 vasculitis.

Luca Roncati1, Giulia Ligabue2, Luca Fabbiani3

  • 1Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Hemolymphopathology Team, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Immunohistochemistry Lab, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|June 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In COVID-19 vasculitis, a shift from type 2 T-helper response to type 3 hypersensitivity occurs. This immune complex deposition triggers inflammation and a cytokine release syndrome, involving interleukin-6.

Keywords:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Immune complex diseaseInterleukin-6 (IL-6)Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Type III hypersensitivityVasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • COVID-19 remains a global health emergency requiring deeper understanding of its immunopathogenesis.
  • Reducing mortality necessitates novel insights into the immune mechanisms driving severe disease.
  • Vasculitis is a recognized complication of COVID-19, but its precise immune underpinnings are not fully elucidated.

Observation:

  • This study investigates the immune response in COVID-19 vasculitis.
  • The research focuses on the transition of immune responses and their role in vascular pathology.
  • Specific attention is given to the involvement of T-helper cells and immune complex formation.

Findings:

  • For the first time, scientific evidence demonstrates a progression from a type 2 T-helper cell response (humoral immunity) to type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex disease) in COVID-19 vasculitis.
  • Immune complexes deposit within the vascular walls, initiating a severe inflammatory cascade.
  • This process is linked to a cytokine release syndrome, with interleukin-6 identified as a key myokine released by vascular smooth muscle cells.

Implications:

  • Understanding this immune pathway offers new targets for therapeutic intervention in severe COVID-19.
  • This finding advances knowledge of immunopathogenesis, potentially aiding in the development of strategies to mitigate COVID-19-related vascular complications.
  • The identification of interleukin-6 as a critical mediator highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for managing COVID-19-induced inflammation and vasculitis.