Defect studies on short-wave infrared photovoltaic devices based on HgTe nanocrystals/TiO₂ heterojunction

Narrow bandgap (<0.5 eV) colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g. mercury chalcogenides) provide practical platforms for next generation short wave infrared, mid wave infrared and long wave infrared optoelectronic devices. Until now, most of the efforts in the field of infrared active nanocrystals have been taken on synthesizing nanocrystals, determining quantum states and building different geometries for optoelectronic devices. However, studies on interface trap states in the devices made from these narrow band gap nanocrystals are mostly unexplored. Herein, we investigate the defects or traps in these nanocrystals-embedded devices, which will be critical for improving their optoelectronic performance. In this article, we fabricate HgTe nanocrystals/TiO₂ based photovoltaic devices and used capacitance-voltage (C-V) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to investigate and obtain quantitative information on deep level trap states. Interestingly, frequency dependent C-V measurements show two peaks in the capacitance at lower frequency (<40 kHz), which is attributed to the presence of trap states. However, at high frequency the presence of a weak hump-like structure almost at the center of above two peaks validate the role of interface traps. DLTS studies show that traps at the interface of HgTe nanocrystals/TiO₂ acts as recombination centers having activation energies of 0.27, 0.4 and 0.45 eV with corresponding trap densities of 1.4 [Formula: see text], 1.[Formula: see text] and 1.[Formula: see text] and estimated capture cross-sections of 6.3 [Formula: see text], 7.5 [Formula: see text] and 3.7 [Formula: see text], respectively. In this work, DLTS has revealed the existence of interface trap states and the frequency dependent capacitance measurements corroborate the effect of charge storage on the heterostructures built from these nanocrystals that helps in the development of futuristic devices.