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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
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Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

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Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
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Permeability of Concrete01:25

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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars
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Hollow Silica Cubes with Customizable Porosity.

Samuel Hugh Gallagher1, Olivier Trussardi1, Oliver Lipp1

  • 1Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created hollow silica cubes with ordered mesopores by transforming hematite cubes. This method preserves cubic morphology, enabling the formation of packed layers for potential applications.

Keywords:
hollow particlesmesoporesmonolayerspseudomorphic transformationsilica

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Silica nanostructures are crucial for catalysis, drug delivery, and sensing.
  • Developing methods for creating hollow mesoporous silica with controlled morphology is an active research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize hollow mesoporous silica cubes with controlled pore sizes.
  • To investigate the pseudomorphic transformation of hematite cubes into hollow silica structures.
  • To demonstrate the potential for creating ordered layers of these novel particles.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of silica shells on hematite cube templates.
  • Introduction of ordered mesopores via pseudomorphic transformation and core removal.
  • Characterization using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized hollow silica cubes retaining the original cubic morphology.
  • Achieved ordered mesopores with specific diameters (2.8 nm and 3.8 nm) in the silica shell.
  • Demonstrated the formation of close-packed layers of hollow mesoporous silica cubes via drop-casting.

Conclusions:

  • The pseudomorphic transformation of hematite cubes is an effective strategy for creating hollow mesoporous silica cubes.
  • The resulting particles exhibit controlled porosity and maintain cubic morphology.
  • These hollow mesoporous silica cubes are promising building blocks for advanced material applications.