Three-dimensional dislocations in a uniform linear array's isotropic sensors-Direction finding's hybrid Cramér-Rao...

The linear array's one-dimensional spatial geometry is simple but suffices for univariate direction finding, i.e., is adequate for the estimation of an incident source's direction-of-arrival relative to the linear array axis. However, this nominal one-dimensional ideality could be often physically compromised in the real world, as the constituent sensors may dislocate three-dimensionally from their nominal positions. For example, a towed array is subject to ocean-surface waves and to oceanic currents [Tichavsky and Wong (2004). IEEE Trans. Sign. Process. 52(1), 36-47]. This paper analyzes how a nominally linear array's one-dimensional direction-finding accuracy would be degraded by the three-dimensional random dislocation of the constituent sensors. This analysis derives the hybrid Cramér-Rao bound (HCRB) of the arrival-angle estimate in a closed form expressed in terms of the sensors' dislocation statistics. Surprisingly, the sensors' dislocation could improve and not necessarily degrade the HCRB, depending on the dislocation variances but also on the incident source's arrival angle and the signal-to-noise power ratio.