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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair Using a Subacromial View.

Clay G Nelson¹, Larry D Field¹

¹Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.A.

Arthroscopy Techniques

|June 4, 2020

Summary

Arthroscopic surgery for subscapularis tears has improved. Larger tears require a subacromial portal for better visualization and management with standard arthroscopes.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Arthroscopy
Shoulder Surgery

Background:

Subscapularis tears are increasingly identified and repaired due to advancements in arthroscopic techniques and equipment.
Small tears are manageable with intra-articular views, but larger tears pose visualization challenges with standard posterior portals.

Purpose of the Study:

To illustrate and discuss the advantages of utilizing a subacromial portal site for arthroscopic visualization and management of large subscapularis tears.

Main Methods:

Comparison of visualization techniques for large subscapularis tears.
Utilizing a standard 30° arthroscope from a subacromial portal site.
Potential use of a 70° arthroscope.

Main Results:

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Standard posterior portals limit visualization of large subscapularis tears.
A subacromial portal site enhances visualization of extensive tears.
Arthroscopic management of large tears is facilitated by improved visualization.

Conclusions:

A subacromial portal approach offers significant advantages for arthroscopically managing large subscapularis tears.
This technique improves visualization compared to traditional intra-articular views.
It provides a viable alternative for comprehensive tear assessment and repair.