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Endocarditis I: Introduction

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Published on: April 7, 2015

Granulicatella Causing Infective Endocarditis and Glomerulonephritis.

Ayesha Shaik¹, David Roeuth¹, Ayesha Azmeen¹

¹Internal Medicine, UConn Health Cente, Farmington CT, United States.

|June 4, 2020

Summary

Nutritionally variant Streptococcus (NVS) can cause infective endocarditis and, rarely, glomerulonephritis. Early recognition of these slow-growing bacteria is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Glomerulonephritis Granulicatella Infective endocarditis Mitral valve endocarditis Nutritional Variant Streptococcus

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Last Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Published on: April 7, 2015

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Humanized Mouse Model to Study Bacterial Infections Targeting the Microvasculature

Humanized Mouse Model to Study Bacterial Infections Targeting the Microvasculature

Published on: April 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Nephrology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Granulicatella, a nutritionally variant Streptococcus (NVS), requires specialized media for isolation.
NVS are increasingly recognized as pathogens causing serious infections, including infective endocarditis.

Observation:

A case of infective endocarditis and glomerulonephritis caused by Granulicatella albicans in an adult male is presented.
The patient presented with symptoms of heart failure and acute kidney injury.
Infected tooth was identified as the source of Granulicatella bacteremia.

Findings:

Blood cultures confirmed Granulicatella albicans infection.
Transesophageal echocardiogram showed mitral valve vegetation, indicative of endocarditis.
Kidney biopsy revealed immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of suspecting NVS in slow-growing positive blood cultures.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment, potentially including immunosuppressive therapy for glomerulonephritis, are vital.
Further research into NVS pathogenicity and optimal management strategies is warranted.