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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Function-oriented synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks - from 3D solids to 2D sheets.

Xing Li1, Priya Yadav1, Kian Ping Loh1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore. chmlohkp@nus.edu.sg.

Chemical Society Reviews
|June 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer tunable properties for advanced applications. This review highlights emerging uses of 2D COFs and COFene in energy storage, catalysis, and optoelectronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers built from organic units linked by covalent bonds.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships in COFs is crucial for optimizing their performance.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) COFs and their derived COFene materials present unique opportunities for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging applications of 2D COFs and COFene.
  • To discuss design principles enabling enhanced COF performance.
  • To highlight the potential of COF-derived materials in various technological fields.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in 2D COF and COFene research.
  • Analysis of structure-property correlations in COF materials.
  • Discussion of design strategies for functional COFs.

Main Results:

  • 2D COFs show promise in solid-state photoluminescence, stimuli-responsive behavior, gas storage, ion conduction, and energy storage.
  • COFene, derived from exfoliated 2D COFs, exhibits novel properties for optoelectronics, catalysis, and separation.
  • Tailored design of COFs leads to superior performance compared to individual building blocks or polymers.

Conclusions:

  • 2D COFs and COFene represent a versatile class of materials with significant potential.
  • Precise control over COF structure is key to unlocking advanced functionalities.
  • Further research into COF design and applications will drive innovation in materials science and technology.