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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Unjamming of active rotators.

Linda Ravazzano1, Silvia Bonfanti, Maria Chiara Lionetti

  • 1Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy. stefano.zapperi@unimi.it.

Soft Matter
|June 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Active particle systems with self-rotation exhibit unique dynamics. This study reveals how active torques and adhesion influence cluster formation and jamming transitions in active rotators, offering insights for cellular systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Active particle assemblies display diverse dynamical phases based on parameters like density and self-propulsion.
  • Active self-rotations are less explored but crucial for understanding active matter dynamics, as seen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of interacting active disks with active torques and self-propulsive forces.
  • To analyze the influence of adhesion and density on cluster formation and phase transitions.
  • To explore the interplay between self-propulsion and self-rotation in active matter systems.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of interacting active disks with active torques and self-propulsive forces.
  • Analysis of cluster formation at low packing fractions.
  • Investigation of jamming to unjamming transitions at higher densities.
  • Derivation of a phase diagram for active rotators.

Main Results:

  • Adhesion promotes the formation of small rotating clusters at low densities.
  • Active torques drive jamming to unjamming transitions at higher densities, while adhesion hinders this transition.
  • A comprehensive phase diagram illustrating the interplay between self-propulsion and self-rotation was derived.

Conclusions:

  • Active self-rotation significantly impacts the collective dynamics of active particle systems.
  • The findings provide a framework for interpreting experimental results in biological systems, such as algal motility.
  • Understanding active rotator dynamics is key for advancing active matter research.