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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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A Quantitative Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype in Normal Human Fibroblasts During Oncogene-induced Senescence
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When Oxidative Stress Meets Epigenetics: Implications in Cancer Development.

Álvaro García-Guede1,2, Olga Vera3, Inmaculada Ibáñez-de-Caceres1,2

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Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Oxidative stress disrupts the epigenetic machinery, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), promoting cancer development and progression. This review explores these crucial links for understanding cancer. Keywords: oxidative stress, epigenetics, ncRNAs, cancer.

Keywords:
cancercancer therapychemoresistanceepigeneticsmiR7/MAFG/Nrf2 axeoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology and Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Oxidative Stress and Disease

Background:

  • Cancer is a major global health issue driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNAs) control gene expression without changing DNA sequence.
  • Intracellular environmental imbalances, like oxidative stress, can disrupt epigenetics, fueling cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of oxidative stress on the epigenetic machinery.
  • To specifically examine the understudied role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this context.
  • To elucidate how these epigenetic changes contribute to cancer development and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on oxidative stress and epigenetics in cancer.
  • Focus on research investigating the interplay between oxidative stress, ncRNAs, and cancer.
  • Synthesis of findings to highlight key mechanisms and consequences.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress significantly impacts DNA methylation and histone modifications.
  • Emerging evidence links oxidative stress to alterations in ncRNA expression and function.
  • These epigenetic dysregulations driven by oxidative stress promote cancer initiation, growth, and treatment resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress is a critical factor in epigenetic alterations that drive cancer.
  • Further research into ncRNAs is essential for understanding oxidative stress-mediated carcinogenesis.
  • Targeting these epigenetic pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.