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Related Experiment Video

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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Differences in time-based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox.

Simon J Haines1, Susan E Randall2, Gill Terrett2

  • 1Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.

Cognition
|June 5, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults outperform younger adults on time-of-day prospective memory tasks in naturalistic settings, resolving the age-PM paradox. Laboratory settings show the opposite, highlighting task differences.

Keywords:
Cognitive agingEcological validityPM paradoxProspective memoryTime cues

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human development

Background:

  • Prospective memory (PM) research presents paradoxical findings regarding age differences.
  • Younger adults typically outperform older adults in lab settings, while older adults excel in naturalistic environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the age-PM paradox by examining how time-based task characteristics differ between laboratory and naturalistic settings.
  • To test the hypothesis that the paradox arises from comparing disparate task types (time-interval vs. time-of-day cues).

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted comparing young and older adults (and young-old vs. old-old) on PM tasks.
  • Tasks included event-based, time-of-day, and time-interval cued paradigms in both laboratory and naturalistic (smartphone app - MEMO) settings.
  • Analogous paradigms were used across settings to ensure comparability.

Main Results:

  • In naturalistic settings (MEMO), older adults outperformed younger adults on time-of-day PM tasks.
  • In laboratory settings, older adults performed worse than younger adults on PM tasks.
  • Age differences observed in the lab diminished or disappeared in naturalistic settings, particularly for time-of-day tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The apparent age-PM paradox is explained by systematic differences in time-based task characteristics between laboratory and naturalistic settings.
  • Time-of-day cues in naturalistic settings may favor older adults' prospective memory performance.
  • A finer theoretical distinction between different types of time-based prospective memory tasks is needed.