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Development of a short and effective shoulder external rotation strength program in handball: A delphi study
Hilde Fredriksen1, Ann Cools2, Grethe Myklebust1
1Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sports Medicine Department, Oslo, Norway.
Summary
This study identified two effective shoulder external rotation exercises for handball players. These exercises demonstrated high efficacy and adherence, addressing a need for practical strength programs in the sport.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Exercise Physiology
- Biomechanics
Background:
- Shoulder external rotator weakness is a significant risk factor for shoulder pain in handball players.
- Current strength programs for handball players often lack adherence due to length or complexity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a concise and effective shoulder external rotation strength program tailored for handball player adherence.
Main Methods:
- A modified Delphi study involving 16 shoulder, strength training, and handball experts was conducted over three rounds.
- Experts rated pre-defined and newly suggested shoulder external rotation exercises on efficacy and adherence.
- Consensus was reached through iterative feedback and response revision based on statistical summaries.
Main Results:
- Consensus on both efficacy and adherence was achieved for two specific shoulder external rotation exercises.
- The selected exercises were: external rotation in 90° abduction in a bent-over squat position, and external rotation in 90° abduction with horizontal abduction and trunk rotation in a push-up position.
Conclusions:
- Two shoulder external rotation exercises were identified as both effective and likely to be adhered to by handball players.
- This research provides a foundation for a short, evidence-based strength program to mitigate shoulder pain in handball.
