Optimizing hyper-parameters of neural networks with swarm intelligence: A novel framework for credit scoring

Neural networks are widely used in automatic credit scoring systems with high accuracy and outstanding efficiency. However, in the absence of prior knowledge, it is difficult to determine the set of hyper-parameters, which makes its application limited in practice. This paper presents a novel framework of credit-scoring model based on neural networks trained by the optimal swarm intelligence (SI) algorithm. This framework incorporates three procedures. Step 1, pre-processing, including imputation, normalization, and re-ordering of the samples. Step 2, training, where SI algorithms optimize hyper-parameters of back-propagation artificial neural networks (BP-ANN) with the area under curve (AUC) as the evaluation function. Step 3, test, applying the optimized model in Step 2 to predict new samples. The results show that the framework proposed in this paper searches the hyper-parameter space efficiently and finds the optimal set of hyper parameters with appropriate time complexity, which enhances the fitting and generalization ability of BP-ANN. Compared with existing credit-scoring models, the model in this paper predicts with a higher accuracy. Additionally, the model enjoys a greater robustness, for the difference of performance between training and testing phases.