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Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges.

Tanja Opriessnig1, Anbu K Karuppannan2, Alessandra M M G Castro3

  • 1The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Virus Research
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Summary

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are widespread in pigs. This review contrasts the known impacts of PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and the newly discovered PCV4, highlighting PCV2 as a major pathogen.

Keywords:
PigsPorcine circovirus 1 (PCV1)Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3)Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4)Review

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Circoviruses (CVs) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses with a circular genome.
  • They infect a wide range of animal species, including mammals, fish, birds, and insects.
  • Four distinct Porcine circoviruses (PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4) have been identified in pigs globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize current knowledge on circoviruses in pigs.
  • To contrast and compare the characteristics and impacts of different Porcine circoviruses.
  • To highlight the current understanding and knowledge gaps for PCV3 and PCV4.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on Porcine circoviruses.
  • Comparative analysis of existing data on PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4.
  • Synthesis of information regarding virus characteristics, prevalence, and pathogenicity.

Main Results:

  • Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1) is generally considered non-pathogenic.
  • Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a significant and economically impactful swine pathogen.
  • The pathogenicity of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) remains controversial, with propagation challenges.
  • Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is newly discovered, requiring further research.

Conclusions:

  • PCVs are ubiquitous in swine populations worldwide.
  • PCV2 poses a major global challenge to the swine industry.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate the roles and impacts of PCV3 and PCV4 in swine health.