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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.7K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

20.5K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

1.0K
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Updated: Dec 19, 2025

Engineering a Bilayered Hydrogel to Control ASC Differentiation
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Understanding polysorbate-compound interactions within the CMC region.

Laura J Waters1, Oliver E P Smith1, William Small2

  • 1School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|June 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polysorbates like Tween 20 and 80 enhance solubility, but their effectiveness depends on concentration and purity. Surpassing the critical micellar concentration (CMC) significantly boosts solubility and alters interactions.

Keywords:
CMCCritical micellar concentrationMLCMicellar liquid chromatographySolubilityTween

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Non-ionic surfactants, specifically polysorbates (Tween™ 20 and Tween™ 80), are vital excipients in the pharmaceutical industry for improving drug solubility.
  • Understanding the relationship between surfactant concentration, purity, and drug solubility is crucial for effective formulation development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of micelle formation on compound-polysorbate interactions.
  • To analyze the solubilization potential of Tween™ 20 and Tween™ 80 at various concentrations and purity levels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spectroscopic solubility determination to measure drug solubility.
  • Employed micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) to analyze compound retention profiles.
  • Examined polysorbates (Tween™ 20, Tween™ 80) at three purity levels across their critical micellar concentration (CMC) range with four model compounds.

Main Results:

  • Maximum solubility for all model compounds increased substantially above the critical micellar concentration (CMC).
  • Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) showed altered retention profiles for compounds once the CMC was exceeded.
  • Solubilization potential is dependent on polysorbate purity and is significantly influenced by micelle formation rather than just monomers.

Conclusions:

  • The solubilization capacity of polysorbates is enhanced beyond their CMC and is influenced by their purity.
  • Formulators should optimize polysorbate concentration and purity to maximize drug solubilization potential.
  • Compound-polysorbate interactions are a combination of monomeric and micellar surfactant effects, modulated by surfactant purity.