Stokes, Tyndall, Ruskin and the nineteenth-century beginnings of climate science

Although we humans have known since the first smokey campfires of prehistory that our activities might alter our local surroundings, the nineteenth century saw the first indications that humankind might alter the global environment; what we currently know as anthropogenic climate change. We are now celebrating the bicentenaries of three figures with a hand in the birth of climate science. George Stokes, John Tyndall and John Ruskin were born in August 1819, August 1820 and February 1819, respectively. We look back from the perspective of two centuries following their births. We outline their contributions to climate science: understanding the equations of fluid motion and the recognition of the need to collect global weather data together with comprehending the role in regulating terrestrial temperature played by gases in the atmosphere. This knowledge was accompanied by fears of the Earth's regression to another ice age, together with others that industrialization was ruining humankind's health, morals and creativity. The former fears of global cooling were justified but seem strange now that the balance has tipped so far the other way towards global warming; the latter, on the other hand, today seem very prescient. This article is part of the theme issue 'Stokes at 200 (Part 1)'.