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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions
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Parameterizing starch chain-length distributions for structure-property relations.

Cheng Li1, Alex Wu2, Wenwen Yu3

  • 1School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|June 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding starch chain-length distribution (CLD) is key for developing functional foods. This review details how CLD impacts starch properties like gelatinization, retrogradation, pasting, and digestion, enabling targeted food innovation.

Keywords:
DigestionGelatinization propertyPasting propertyRetrogradation kineticsStarch chain-length distribution

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Starch structure-property relationships are crucial for designing novel starch-based foods.
  • Recent advancements in characterizing starch molecular structures offer new molecular-level insights.
  • Starch chain-length distribution (CLD) is a key parameter influencing physicochemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and establish a holistic understanding of starch structure-property relationships.
  • To elucidate how starch chain-length distribution (CLD) influences key physicochemical properties.
  • To provide a framework for food producers to develop functional foods based on precise starch structure knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of existing literature on starch characterization methodologies.
  • Analysis of correlative and causal relationships between starch CLD and physicochemical properties.
  • Parameterization of starch CLD using biologically meaningful parameters.

Main Results:

  • Starch gelatinization temperatures are primarily governed by short amylopectin chains.
  • Retrogradation rates are influenced by amylose content, short-to-medium amylose chains, and amylopectin external/internal chain lengths.
  • Starch pasting and digestion properties are significantly affected by CLD.

Conclusions:

  • A detailed understanding of starch CLD provides a molecular basis for its physicochemical properties.
  • This knowledge empowers the development of functional foods with tailored characteristics.
  • Establishing a holistic starch structure-property relationship facilitates targeted food innovation.