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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Solvated Ion Intercalation in Graphite: Sodium and Beyond.

Jooha Park1, Zheng-Long Xu1,2, Kisuk Kang1,3,4

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|June 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Co-intercalation of solvated ions, like Na+, into graphite offers a promising alternative to conventional intercalation for advanced battery anodes. This approach enables high capacities and power, overcoming limitations of traditional Li-ion battery technology.

Keywords:
Ca-ion batteriesK-ion batteriesLi-ion batteriesMg-ion batteriesNa-ion batteriesanode materialsco-intercalationgraphite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Graphite's reversible ion intercalation is fundamental to modern battery technology, notably enabling lithium-ion batteries.
  • Conventional intercalation faces limitations, prompting exploration of alternative mechanisms for next-generation batteries.
  • Solvated ion co-intercalation presents a novel pathway to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in understanding solvated ion co-intercalation mechanisms in graphite.
  • To summarize state-of-the-art achievements in co-intercalation for battery applications.
  • To analyze the relationship between guest ions, co-intercalation conditions, and electrochemical performance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on solvated ion intercalation in graphite.
  • Analysis of correlations between ion type, electrolyte conditions, and battery performance.
  • Survey of fundamental mechanisms and practical applications of co-intercalation.

Main Results:

  • Co-intercalation enables reversible insertion of various ions (Na+, Li+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) into graphite, previously deemed impossible (e.g., Na+).
  • This mechanism leads to significantly enhanced capacities and power capabilities compared to conventional intercalation.
  • Appropriate electrolyte selection is crucial for successful solvated ion co-intercalation.

Conclusions:

  • Solvated ion co-intercalation is a viable and powerful strategy for developing advanced graphite anodes for post-lithium-ion batteries.
  • The review highlights the potential of co-intercalation to broaden the scope of graphite as a universal anode material.
  • Understanding the interplay between ions, electrolytes, and graphite is key to optimizing performance and addressing practical challenges.