High positive HIV serology results can still be false positive

The consequences of falsely reactive HIV test results can be significant, for patients and healthcare providers. This case describes a diagnostic investigation of a patient with pronounced discordant HIV serological results, to determine HIV status. The fourth generation serological screening assay (Roche COBAS Elecsys HIV combiPT) had high positive results but confirmatory testing was negative (Abbott HIV Ag/Ab Combo). Five separate samples over 13 days were tested using multiple fourth generation HIV immunoassays and molecular tests for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Potential causes of falsely reactive serological results were investigated. Samples were sent to the manufacturer for analysis. The screening assay was positive on all samples with a very high signal to cut-off ratio (S/CO) of greater than 400. However, multiple serological and molecular assays did not detect HIV-1 or HIV-2 specific antibodies, antigen or nucleic acid. A recombinant immunochromatographic assay had faint reactivity to gp41 peptide and the manufacturer investigation reported cross-reactivity to one of the screening assay's synthetic peptides. Possible causes of the false positive result include cross reactivity to other antigens, including prior schistosomiasis infection, or the patient's previously excised ameloblastoma (a rare germ cell tumor of the jaw). This is a rare case of false high positive results on fourth-generation HIV serology testing due to high level non-specific reactivity to an isolated synthetic peptide component of the assay. It highlights the need for confirmatory testing even in settings with HIV high prevalence and awareness that false-positive serological results may have a high S/CO.