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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

Published on: January 20, 2013

Basement membrane remodelling regulates mouse embryogenesis.

Christos Kyprianou¹, Neophytos Christodoulou^1,2, Russell S Hamilton^3,4

¹Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

|June 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Basement membrane remodelling, regulated by Nodal signaling and matrix metalloproteinases, is crucial for early mouse embryo growth and gastrulation. This process creates perforations that facilitate tissue sculpting and axis formation.

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Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

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Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Cell biology
Extracellular matrix biology

Background:

Tissue sculpting in development traditionally focuses on cellular processes.
Recent research highlights the basement membrane's role in tissue morphogenesis.
The mechanical function of the basement membrane in early post-implantation embryogenesis was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanical role of the basement membrane in early embryonic development.
To elucidate the mechanisms regulating basement membrane remodelling during mouse embryogenesis.
To understand how basement membrane remodelling influences embryo growth and gastrulation.

Main Methods:

Investigated basement membrane remodelling in mouse embryos.
Analyzed the role of Nodal signalling in regulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
Examined the spatiotemporal distribution of basement membrane perforations.

Main Results:

Nodal signalling controls the generation and distribution of basement membrane perforations via MMP regulation.
Basement membrane remodelling facilitates pre-gastrulation embryo growth.
Anterior-posterior axis establishment directs posterior-specific basement membrane remodelling.
Posterior perforations are essential for primitive streak extension during gastrulation.

Conclusions:

Spatiotemporally regulated basement membrane remodelling is vital for early embryonic development.
This remodelling coordinates embryo growth, morphogenesis, and gastrulation.
The basement membrane acts as a dynamic mechanical regulator during embryogenesis.