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Active Matter, Microreversibility, and Thermodynamics.

Pierre Gaspard1, Raymond Kapral2

  • 1Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Code Postal 231, Campus Plaine, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active matter systems, like Janus colloidal particles, are out-of-equilibrium. This study presents a framework predicting particle interactions, collective structures, and a clustering instability in active matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Active matter systems are ubiquitous in nature, existing in nonequilibrium states.
  • These systems consist of numerous interacting active agents, such as Janus colloidal particles, that generate motion via chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a general nonequilibrium thermodynamics framework for active matter systems.
  • To account for self-diffusiophoresis and diffusiophoresis due to external gradients.
  • To explore collective behaviors and emergent structures in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a diffusiophoretic mechanism driven by surface chemical reactions for particle propulsion.
  • Developing a nonequilibrium thermodynamics framework consistent with microreversibility.
  • Analyzing interactions among colloids, including direct and indirect effects via fluid fields.

Main Results:

  • Predicted a reciprocal effect of diffusiophoresis on the overall reaction rate.
  • Identified a clustering instability leading to dynamic cluster formation.
  • Demonstrated the emergence of nonequilibrium inhomogeneous system states.

Conclusions:

  • The presented framework accurately describes the behavior of active matter systems.
  • Collective interactions and diffusiophoresis play crucial roles in structure formation.
  • Active matter systems exhibit complex emergent behaviors, including instabilities and pattern formation.