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Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
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Kubler Ross's Stages of Dying01:21

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Elisabeth Kübler-Ross significantly advanced psychology's understanding of the process of dying with her influential book, On Death and Dying (1969). She focused on studying terminally ill individuals and outlined five stages commonly experienced when coping with death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
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Amnesia01:13

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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram
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Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram

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A tearfully painful darkness.

Lakshmi Leishangthem1, Shannon Beres2, Heather E Moss2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|June 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 70-year-old woman experienced vision loss due to optic neuritis. Elevated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG antibodies confirmed the diagnosis, and steroid treatment restored her vision.

Keywords:
MOG IgGheadachemyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinoptic neuritistrigeminal pain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Optic neuritis can cause vision loss and optic nerve inflammation.
  • Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies are implicated in certain inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.

Observation:

  • A 70-year-old woman presented with unilateral facial pain and subsequent vision loss.
  • Ophthalmic and neurological exams were initially unremarkable, but later revealed left optic nerve head swelling and a relative afferent pupillary defect.
  • Initial MRI of the brain showed no abnormalities.

Findings:

  • Repeat MRI demonstrated T2 hyperintensity and enhancement of the intraorbital left optic nerve.
  • Serum analysis revealed elevated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG IgG) titer.
  • The patient received intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone.

Implications:

  • This case highlights MOG IgG-associated optic neuritis in an elderly patient.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids can lead to visual recovery.
  • MOG IgG testing is crucial for diagnosing specific autoimmune optic neuropathies.