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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Multicolor 3D Printing of Complex Intracranial Tumors in Neurosurgery
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Skull Base Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas.

Natalia Kremenevski1, Sven-Martin Schlaffer2, Roland Coras3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, natalia.kremenevskaja@uk-erlangen.de.

Neuroendocrinology
|June 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas are rare intracranial tumors with similar presentations but different origins. Chondrosarcomas generally have a better prognosis and survival rate than chordomas, with combined surgery and radiotherapy as the primary treatment.

Keywords:
ChondrosarcomaChordomaDiagnosisSkull baseTherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas are rare intracranial tumors, accounting for less than 0.2% and 0.15% of all intracranial tumors, respectively.
  • Despite similar clinical and imaging features, chordomas originate from notochord remnants, while chondrosarcomas arise from mesenchymal cells or cranial cartilaginous matrix rests.
  • Both tumor types infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissues, exhibiting high local recurrence rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the origins, clinical behavior, prognosis, and treatment strategies for skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas.
  • To compare the survival rates between chordomas and chondrosarcomas.
  • To outline the current treatment paradigm involving maximal surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, imaging characteristics, histological subtypes, and treatment outcomes.
  • Description of common neurosurgical approaches and the role of radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Chordomas and chondrosarcomas present with nonspecific symptoms, often headaches, requiring advanced imaging (CT, MRI) for diagnosis and staging.
  • Chondrosarcomas demonstrate a significantly better prognosis and higher survival rates (80% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years) compared to chordomas (65% at 5 years, 30% at 10 years).
  • Neither tumor type is sensitive to chemotherapy; treatment relies on maximal surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy to preserve function and quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas, though rare and clinically similar, have distinct origins and prognoses, with chondrosarcomas faring better.
  • Optimal management involves a multidisciplinary approach focusing on aggressive surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy, as chemotherapy is ineffective.
  • Continued research into novel therapeutic strategies is warranted for these challenging bone tumors.