Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.3K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.3K
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

15.2K
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
15.2K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.0K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.0K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

25.5K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
25.5K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

3.7K
3.7K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.0K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
8.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Axonal RNA localization is essential for long-term memory.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Self-demixing of mRNA copies buffers mRNA:mRNA and mRNA:regulator stoichiometries.

Cell·2023
Same author

KRAS and NRAS Translation Is Increased upon MEK Inhibitors-Induced Processing Bodies Dissolution.

Cancers·2023
Same author

Transcriptome-wide organization of subcellular microenvironments revealed by ATLAS-Seq.

Nucleic acids research·2020
Same author

GC content shapes mRNA storage and decay in human cells.

eLife·2019
Same author

Detecting and quantifying stress granules in tissues of multicellular organisms with the Obj.MPP analysis tool.

Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.5K

The multiscale and multiphase organization of the transcriptome.

Danielle A Adekunle1,2, Arnaud Hubstenberger3

  • 1Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
|June 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cellular RNA molecules are highly synchronized and regulated by proteins. RNA-protein assemblies undergo phase separations, organizing the transcriptome and controlling gene expression through epitranscriptomic mechanisms.

Keywords:
RNA condensatesRNA phase separation and transitionpost-transcriptional regulationribonucleoproteinsstress granulestranscriptomics

More Related Videos

Multiplexed Analysis of Retinal Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility Using scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq
06:24

Multiplexed Analysis of Retinal Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility Using scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq

Published on: March 12, 2021

4.0K
In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

12.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

69.5K
Multiplexed Analysis of Retinal Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility Using scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq
06:24

Multiplexed Analysis of Retinal Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility Using scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq

Published on: March 12, 2021

4.0K
In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

12.6K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression requires precise coordination with cellular activity, involving millions of RNA molecules synchronized from transcription to decay.
  • Proteins associate with RNA to regulate its expression, storage, translation, localization, and decay.
  • RNA-protein complexes can form diverse structures, including liquid droplets, hydrogels, and solid aggregates, influencing cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the interaction networks governing RNA super-assemblies.
  • To assess the complex multiscale, multiphase architecture of the transcriptome.
  • To explore how the biophysical state of RNA molecules dictates their fate and function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RNA-protein interaction networks.
  • Assessment of transcriptome architecture at multiple scales and phases.
  • Investigation of biophysical properties of RNA molecules and their assemblies.

Main Results:

  • RNA-protein assemblies exhibit phase separation, leading to the formation of functional units called RNA regulons.
  • The biophysical state of RNA molecules is a critical determinant of their cellular fate.
  • Phase separation is identified as a key mechanism for epitranscriptomic control of gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • RNA phase separation provides a framework for transcriptome organization, redefining the functional unit from single transcripts to RNA regulons.
  • The study highlights the critical role of biophysics in understanding RNA biology and gene expression regulation.
  • Phase separation is emerging as a central mechanism in epitranscriptomics, influencing gene expression control.