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Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?

Jovana Knezevic1, Christina Starchl1, Adelina Tmava Berisha2

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Summary

A healthy gut microbiome supports immune function and thyroid health. Gut dysbiosis is linked to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, impacting nutrient availability and thyroid hormone levels.

Keywords:
Grave´s diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisNon-celiac wheat sensitivityceliac diseasegut microbiotaiodineironprobioticsthyroidthyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in immune system activity and thyroid function.
  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), frequently coexist with intestinal disorders like Celiac Disease (CD).
  • Gut dysbiosis is observed in AITD and thyroid carcinoma, potentially due to increased intestinal permeability and altered micronutrient availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and various thyroid disorders.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of gut microbiota composition in managing thyroid diseases.
  • To explore how gut dysbiosis affects thyroid function, immune response, and nutrient status.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature research was conducted.
  • The study reviewed existing research on the interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid disorders.
  • Analysis focused on the impact of dysbiosis on immune function, nutrient availability, and thyroid hormone regulation.

Main Results:

  • Gut dysbiosis is associated with AITD, thyroid carcinoma, and impaired thyroid function.
  • Altered gut microbiota affects the availability of essential micronutrients (e.g., iodine, selenium, vitamin D) crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and conversion.
  • Probiotic supplementation has demonstrated positive effects on thyroid hormones and overall thyroid function.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota significantly influences thyroid health and disease development.
  • Understanding gut bacteria composition is vital for developing personalized therapeutic and preventive strategies for thyroid disorders.
  • Further robust human studies are needed to fully elucidate the impact of gut microbiota on thyroid function and disease.