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Ultra-compact and efficient 1 × 2 mode converters based on rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm.

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    A new rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm enables nanophotonic devices with multi-shape pixels. This inverse design method creates novel 1x2 mode converters for simultaneous power splitting and mode conversion on silicon-on-insulator platforms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nanophotonics
    • Integrated Optics
    • Computational Electromagnetics

    Background:

    • Nanophotonic devices are crucial for optical communication and signal processing.
    • Efficient mode conversion and power splitting are essential functionalities in photonic integrated circuits.
    • Inverse design methods offer a powerful approach to optimize complex nanophotonic structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm for nanophotonic inverse design.
    • To demonstrate the capability of this algorithm in creating multi-shape and multi-rotation pixels for coupling regions.
    • To propose and analyze novel 1x2 mode converters with simultaneous power splitting and mode conversion capabilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and application of a rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm.
    • Utilizing multi-shape and multi-rotation pixels for device design.
    • 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations for performance analysis.
    • Investigation of fabrication tolerances, including pattern contour variations and corner effects.

    Main Results:

    • Successful design of 1x2 mode converters on a 220 nm silicon-on-insulator platform.
    • TE0 to TE1 mode converter (2.7 µm × 2.4 µm) achieved <0.2 dB excess loss, <-20.6 dB crosstalk, and <-19.5 dB reflection loss (1500-1600 nm).
    • TE0 to TE2 mode converter (3.6 µm × 3 µm) achieved <0.4 dB excess loss, <-17.5 dB crosstalk, and <-18.3 dB reflection loss (1500-1600 nm).

    Conclusions:

    • The rotatable direct-binary-search algorithm effectively enables the design of complex nanophotonic devices.
    • The proposed 1x2 mode converters offer high performance for simultaneous mode conversion and power splitting.
    • The study provides insights into fabrication tolerances, crucial for practical implementation of these devices.