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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Minimally Invasive Embryo Transfer and Embryo Vitrification at the Optimal Embryo Stage in Rabbit Model

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Current Reproductive Technologies Impacting Equine Embryo Production.

Edward Squires¹

¹Department of Veterinary Science, Reproductive Management, Fort Collins, CO.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

|June 22, 2020

Summary

Advanced equine reproductive technologies like embryo transfer and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) offer new solutions for mare infertility. While oocyte freezing shows promise, ICSI and embryo freezing provide effective options for horse breeding.

Keywords:

Embryo ICSI Oocytes Technology

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Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

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Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

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Published on: May 11, 2017

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Veterinary Medicine
Animal Science

Background:

Equine reproduction has been significantly impacted by technological advancements over recent decades.
Traditional breeding methods are being augmented by sophisticated reproductive techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To review key advancements in equine reproductive technologies.
To discuss the efficacy and application of embryo and oocyte manipulation, ICSI, and sexed semen in mares.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on equine embryo recovery and transfer, cryopreservation (freezing), oocyte collection, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and sperm sexing.
Analysis of pregnancy rates and practical considerations for each technology.

Main Results:

Embryo transfer remains a constant procedure, with improvements in storage and transport.
Embryo freezing (vitrification) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) offer viable options for producing pregnancies, with ICSI achieving rates comparable to fresh embryo transfers.
Oocyte vitrification has yielded lower pregnancy rates in horses compared to humans.
Sexed semen technology shows variable success rates, particularly with frozen sperm.

Conclusions:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized mare infertility treatment, providing high pregnancy rates.
Advances in embryo freezing and cooled-shipment enhance mare breeding efficiency.
Further development and acceptance of equine reproductive technologies will depend on efficacy, cost, and breed association input.