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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: April 25, 2025

The Microbiome and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Puru Rattan^1,2, Carlos D Minacapelli^1,2, Vinod Rustgi^1,2

¹Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.

Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society

|June 22, 2020

Summary

Gut microbiome disruptions contribute to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by affecting the gut-liver axis. Research explores microbiome-based therapies for HCC.

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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Published on: September 30, 2021

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Gastroenterology
Oncology

Background:

The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, is crucial for metabolism and immune function.
Alterations in the gut microbiome are linked to chronic liver disease progression and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms by which gut microbiome imbalances influence hepatocarcinogenesis.
To summarize emerging microbiome-based therapeutic strategies for HCC.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on the gut microbiome and its role in liver disease.
Analysis of mechanisms including intestinal barrier disruption, bile acid metabolism, and microRNA alterations.

Main Results:

Gut microbiome dysbiosis disrupts the gut-liver axis, promoting inflammation and genetic/epigenetic changes in hepatocytes.
Specific mechanisms involve compromised intestinal barrier integrity, altered bile acid profiles, and reduced tumor-suppressing microRNAs.

Conclusions:

The gut microbiome significantly impacts hepatocarcinogenesis, presenting therapeutic targets.
Microbiome-based interventions show promise for HCC treatment and prevention.