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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Giant cell arteritis manifested by chronic dry cough.

Hiroshi Hori¹, Tsuyoshi Kobashigawa², Takahiko Fukuchi³

¹Division of General Medicine, Department of Comprehensive Medicine 1, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan ubm5134@mbr.nifty.com.

BMJ Case Reports

|June 23, 2020

Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) can present as a chronic cough, even with normal lung imaging. Early diagnosis and treatment with prednisolone are crucial for symptom resolution in this rare presentation.

Keywords:

immunology radiology vasculitis

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Internal Medicine
Vascular Medicine

Background:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting large arteries.
Common symptoms include headache, jaw claudication, and visual disturbances.
GCA diagnosis typically relies on clinical presentation, inflammatory markers, and imaging.

Observation:

A 77-year-old male presented with chronic cough, night sweats, weight loss, and elevated C-reactive protein.
Chest CT revealed aortic wall thickening, while PET-CT indicated inflammation in the aorta and subclavian artery.
Superficial temporal artery ultrasound showed the characteristic "macaroni sign".

Findings:

Biopsy confirmed GCA with lymphocytic infiltration and giant cell reaction.
The patient's chronic cough resolved after initiating prednisolone treatment.
This case highlights cough as a rare, initial presenting symptom of GCA.

Implications:

Chronic cough with elevated inflammatory markers and normal lung fields warrants investigation for large-vessel vasculitis.
Advanced imaging like PET-CT is valuable for diagnosing GCA in atypical presentations.
Recognizing rare symptoms of GCA can lead to earlier diagnosis and intervention, preventing complications.