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Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
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Microglia complement astrocytes in neuromyelitis optica.

Zahra Moinfar, Scott S Zamvil

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |June 23, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) involves antibodies targeting aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytes. Microglia are crucial for NMO

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimmunology
    • Central Nervous System (CNS) Autoimmune Diseases
    • Astrocyte Biology

    Background:

    • Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a CNS inflammatory autoimmune disease.
    • Antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytes drive NMO pathogenesis.
    • Complement activation leads to astrocyte loss and demyelination in NMO.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the precytolytic phase of astrocyte injury in NMO.
    • To understand the role of NMO-IgG binding to astrocytes in the absence of exogenous complement.
    • To explore the involvement of microglia in the early stages of NMO.

    Main Methods:

    • In vivo evaluation of NMO-IgG binding to astrocytes.
    • Assessment of astrocyte activation and AQP4 loss.

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  • Analysis of microglia's role in disease manifestation.

    • Main Results:

    • NMO-IgG alone induced astrocyte activation and AQP4 loss.
    • Microglia were essential for the clinical manifestations of NMO.
    • Endogenous complement produced by microglia plays a key role.

    Conclusions:

    • Astrocyte activation and AQP4 loss occur during the precytolytic phase of NMO.
    • Microglia are critical for NMO pathogenesis, suggesting them as a therapeutic target.
    • Targeting microglia may offer a novel treatment strategy for NMO.