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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Pediatric parathyroid disease.

Ramin Jamshidi1, J Craig Egan1

  • 1Institutional affiliation: Phoenix Children's Hospital; Departments of Surgery and Child Health, Univeristy of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ.

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|June 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers parathyroid gland function and disease in children, including rare pediatric conditions like neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. It details advances in imaging, surgery, and managing low calcium after thyroid surgery.

Keywords:
HyperparathyroidismHypoparathyroidismNeonatal Severe HyperparathyroidismParathyroidParathyroid CarcinomaParathyroid ImagingPost-thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Surgical Endocrinology
  • Calcium Homeostasis

Background:

  • Parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphate, crucial for overall health.
  • Parathyroid disease is uncommon in children but presents unique challenges.
  • Understanding pediatric parathyroid disorders is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of pediatric parathyroid disorders.
  • To highlight pediatric-specific conditions and considerations.
  • To discuss recent advancements in diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pediatric-specific publications.
  • Synthesis of fundamental parathyroid physiology and pathology.
  • Inclusion of recent advances in imaging, surgical techniques, and complication management.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism in pediatric patients.
  • Emphasis on unique pediatric diagnoses, including neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism.
  • Discussion of improved preoperative imaging and intra-operative gland localization.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric parathyroid disease requires specialized knowledge and approaches.
  • Advances in technology enhance the diagnosis and surgical management of these conditions.
  • Effective management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is critical in pediatric care.