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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

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Reference power values for the jump squat exercise in elite athletes: A multicenter study.

Pedro L Valenzuela1,2, Michael McGuigan3,4, Guillermo Sánchez-Martínez2

  • 1Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá , Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|June 24, 2020
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Summary

This study establishes reference values for lower-limb muscle power in elite athletes using the jump squat test. Male athletes generally exhibit higher power outputs than females, but optimal movement velocities are consistent across sexes and sports.

Keywords:
Normative valuesassessmentmonitoringmuscle powertesting

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Assessing lower-limb muscle power is crucial for elite athlete performance.
  • Establishing normative data is essential for talent identification and training optimization.
  • The incremental jump squat (JS) test is a widely used method to evaluate muscle power.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide reference values for mean power (MP), mean propulsive power (MPP), and peak power (PP) during the JS test in elite athletes.
  • To analyze sex-based differences in lower-limb muscle power among elite athletes.
  • To determine if the optimal velocity for power production varies across different sports and sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Pooled data from 684 elite athletes (458 male, 226 female) across 16 sports, tested between 2015-2019.
  • Calculated terciles for MP, MPP, and PP from incremental jump squat tests.
  • Analyzed power outputs and velocities, comparing male and female athletes and different sport disciplines.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences were observed for MP, MPP, and PP, with males demonstrating higher values (p < 0.001).
  • The velocity at which maximal power was achieved was largely independent of sex and sport discipline (CV < 10%).
  • Reference values (terciles) for power outputs were established for elite athletes.

Conclusions:

  • The established reference values can aid in classifying the lower-limb muscle power capabilities of elite athletes.
  • Optimal velocity ranges for power production are consistent across sexes and sports, offering valuable insights for training program design.
  • These findings contribute to a better understanding of muscle power in elite sports performance and training.