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Klotho-HIV and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Klotho in Cardiovascular Disease Under HIV Infection-A Review
Alberto Alejandro Miranda Pérez1, María Elena Gutiérrez Pérez1, Arguiñe Ivonne Urraza Robledo2
1Department of Molecular Immunobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico.
Insights
Combined antiretroviral therapy improves HIV patient outcomes but increases oxidative stress. This stress lowers Klotho protein, raising cardiovascular disease risk and promoting atherosclerosis in HIV patients.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Science
- HIV Medicine
- Metabolic Research
Background:
- Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) enhances longevity for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- cART elevates oxidative stress (OS), contributing to metabolic dysfunction, kidney and liver disease, and cardiovascular risks.
- The Klotho gene is linked to cardiovascular risk; lower Klotho protein levels are observed in HIV patients, potentially increasing atherosclerosis risk.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the impact of oxidative stress on Klotho protein levels.
- To examine the resulting cardiometabolic alterations in HIV-positive individuals undergoing antiretroviral therapy.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on oxidative stress, Klotho protein, and cardiometabolic changes.
- Analysis of studies involving HIV patients on cART.
Main Results:
- Oxidative stress induced by cART negatively affects Klotho protein expression.
- Reduced Klotho levels correlate with increased cardiovascular risk and atherosclerosis in HIV patients.
- Metabolic alterations, including lipid and carbon metabolism changes, are associated with decreased Klotho.
Conclusions:
- Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the cardiometabolic complications observed in HIV patients on cART.
- Targeting oxidative stress and supporting Klotho protein levels may mitigate cardiovascular risk in this population.
Abstract:
Combined antiretroviral therapy has improved quality and life expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, this therapy increases oxidative stress (OS), which in turn causes alterations in lipid and carbon metabolism, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The Klotho gene has been implicated in cardiovascular risk increase. Klotho protein expression at X level decreases the risk of heart disease. HIV-positive people usually present low plasma levels of Klotho; thus, contributing to some extent to an increase in cardiovascular risk for these types of patients, mostly by favoring atherosclerosis. Therefore, our aim is to provide an overview of the effect of OS on Klotho protein and its consequent cardiometabolic alterations in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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