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G Margaritelli1,2, I Cacho3, A Català3

  • 1Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione idrogeologica (IRPI), CNR, via della Madonna Alta 126, 06128, Perugia, Italy. giulia.margaritelli@irpi.cnr.it.

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The Roman Period saw a significant warm phase in the Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature (SST), approximately 2°C warmer than later centuries. This Roman Climatic Optimum may have influenced the Roman Empire's expansion and decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Oceanography
  • Mediterranean Studies

Background:

  • Reconstructing past Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is challenging due to limited marine records and proxy uncertainties.
  • The Roman Period (1 CE to 500 CE) is crucial for Mediterranean socio-cultural history, yet its climate remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct Sea Surface Temperature (SST) evolution in the Sicily Channel during the Roman Period.
  • To compare this new record with other Mediterranean SST data and Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions.
  • To investigate the climatic conditions of the Roman Period in the Mediterranean.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Mg/Ca ratios from the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber for SST reconstruction.
  • Integrated new Sicily Channel data with existing SST records from the Alboran Sea, Minorca Basin, and Aegean Sea.
  • Compared regional data with a Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • A distinct regional warm phase occurred across the Mediterranean during the Roman Period.
  • The Roman Period was the warmest of the last two millennia, with SSTs ~2°C above late-century averages in the Sicily and Western Mediterranean.
  • A general cooling trend followed the Roman Period, with minor oscillations.

Conclusions:

  • The Roman Period represents a significant climatic optimum in the Mediterranean.
  • This Roman Climatic Optimum may be linked to the expansion and subsequent decline of the Roman Empire.
  • Further research can explore the precise relationship between climate and Roman history.