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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Coding and Non-coding RNAs: Molecular Basis of Forest-Insect Outbreaks.

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This study reveals the molecular basis of insect outbreaks using the pine processionary moth. Long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs are key regulators, offering new targets for forest pest management.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Ecology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Insect outbreaks significantly impact ecological and economic systems.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving insect outbreaks is crucial but limited.
  • The pine processionary moth (Dendrolimus punctatus) is a model for studying periodic outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the molecular basis of insect outbreaks.
  • To identify non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regulators involved in outbreaks.
  • To investigate the roles of microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs in Dendrolimus punctatus outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing of D. punctatus during latent and outbreak periods.
  • Analysis of differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • Target analysis of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs).

Main Results:

  • Differentially expressed mRNAs are involved in developmental, reproductive, immune, and chemosensory processes.
  • Long non-coding RNAs appear to be primary regulators of outbreaks.
  • MicroRNAs target metabolic and reproductive pathways; circular RNAs regulate synapses and cell junctions.
  • The competing endogenous RNA network involves developmental, reproductive, and biological adhesion processes.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first study to investigate the molecular roles of coding and non-coding RNAs in insect outbreaks.
  • lncRNAs and miRNAs likely play significant roles in regulating chemosensory and immune genes related to outbreaks.
  • Findings provide potential biomarkers for forest insect management and insights for improved control strategies.