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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Types Of Superconductors

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Probing dynamical phase transitions with a superconducting quantum simulator.

Kai Xu1, Zheng-Hang Sun1, Wuxin Liu2

  • 1Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

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|June 30, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used a quantum simulator to observe dynamical phase transitions in complex quantum systems. This breakthrough offers new ways to study quantum many-body physics and achieve high-precision measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems present significant challenges for classical computation.
  • Quantum simulation offers a promising avenue for exploring these complex systems.
  • The Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model serves as a fundamental model for studying collective quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamical phase transitions in the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model using a programmable quantum simulator.
  • To explore the concept of dynamical criticality in a controllable quantum system.
  • To demonstrate the utility of superconducting quantum simulators for studying complex quantum dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 16-qubit programmable superconducting quantum simulator with all-to-all connectivity.
  • Applied a quenched transverse field to the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model.
  • Measured the nonequilibrium order parameter, nonlocal correlations, and the Loschmidt echo to detect phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Observed clear signatures of dynamical phase transitions, integrating diverse concepts of dynamical criticality.
  • Achieved significant spin squeezing (-7.0 ± 0.8 dB) near the critical point, indicating multipartite entanglement.
  • Demonstrated precision in measurements fivefold beyond the standard quantum limit.

Conclusions:

  • The superconducting quantum simulator effectively probes nonequilibrium quantum many-body dynamics.
  • The observed phenomena pave the way for studying thermalization and many-body localization.
  • This platform is suitable for investigating emergent phenomena in periodically driven quantum systems.